Vocab 1.1
Capacitor- An electrical device used to store electrical charge.
Cold Solder Joint- A solder connection that exhibits poor wetting and is characterized by a grayish, porous appearance due to excessive impurities in the solder, inadequate cleaning prior to soldering, and/or the insufficient application of heat during the soldering process.
Digital Multimeter- Electronic test equipment that can perform multiple tasks. Typically one capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance. More sophisticated modern digital multimeters also measure capacitance, inductance, current gain of transistors, and/or anything else that can be measured electronically.
Diode- A two terminal device that conducts in only one direction.
Dual In-Line Package (DIP)- A very common IC package with two parallel rows of pins intended to be inserted into a socket of through holes drilled in a printed circuit board.
Engineering Notation- A floating point system in which numbers are expressed as products consisting of a number greater than one multiplied by an appropriate power of ten that is some multiple of three.
Fuse- A protective device in the current path that melts or breaks when current exceeds a predetermined maximum value.
LED- Light-emitting diode. An electronic device that conducts current in one direction only and illuminates when it is conducting.
Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)- A square IC package with leads on all four sides designed for surface mounting on a circuit board.
Printed Circuit Board- Insulating board containing conductive tracks for circuit connections.
Resistor- Component made of material that opposes flow of current and therefore has some value of resistance.
Resistor Color Code- Coding system of colored stripes on a resistor to indicate the resistor's value and tolerance.
Scientific Notation- Numbers entered as a number from one to ten multiplied by a power of ten.
SI Notation- Abbreviation of System International, a system of practical units based on the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole, and candela.
Seven-Segment Display- An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure-8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.
Small Outline IC (SOIC)- An IC package similar to a DIP, but smaller, which is designed for automatic placement and soldering on the surface of a circuit board.
Solder- Metallic alloy of tin and lead that is used to join two metal surfaces.
SolderBridge- The unwanted formation of a conductive path of solder between conductors.
Soldering- Process of joining two metallic surfaces to make an electrical contact by melting solder (usually tin and lead) across them.
Soldering Iron- Tool with an internal heating element used to heat surfaces being soldered to the point where the solder becomes molten.
Tinning- The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering the conductor.
Transistor-Term derived from "transfer resistor." Semiconductor device that can be used as an amplifier or as an electronic switch.
Capacitor- An electrical device used to store electrical charge.
Cold Solder Joint- A solder connection that exhibits poor wetting and is characterized by a grayish, porous appearance due to excessive impurities in the solder, inadequate cleaning prior to soldering, and/or the insufficient application of heat during the soldering process.
Digital Multimeter- Electronic test equipment that can perform multiple tasks. Typically one capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance. More sophisticated modern digital multimeters also measure capacitance, inductance, current gain of transistors, and/or anything else that can be measured electronically.
Diode- A two terminal device that conducts in only one direction.
Dual In-Line Package (DIP)- A very common IC package with two parallel rows of pins intended to be inserted into a socket of through holes drilled in a printed circuit board.
Engineering Notation- A floating point system in which numbers are expressed as products consisting of a number greater than one multiplied by an appropriate power of ten that is some multiple of three.
Fuse- A protective device in the current path that melts or breaks when current exceeds a predetermined maximum value.
LED- Light-emitting diode. An electronic device that conducts current in one direction only and illuminates when it is conducting.
Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)- A square IC package with leads on all four sides designed for surface mounting on a circuit board.
Printed Circuit Board- Insulating board containing conductive tracks for circuit connections.
Resistor- Component made of material that opposes flow of current and therefore has some value of resistance.
Resistor Color Code- Coding system of colored stripes on a resistor to indicate the resistor's value and tolerance.
Scientific Notation- Numbers entered as a number from one to ten multiplied by a power of ten.
SI Notation- Abbreviation of System International, a system of practical units based on the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole, and candela.
Seven-Segment Display- An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure-8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.
Small Outline IC (SOIC)- An IC package similar to a DIP, but smaller, which is designed for automatic placement and soldering on the surface of a circuit board.
Solder- Metallic alloy of tin and lead that is used to join two metal surfaces.
SolderBridge- The unwanted formation of a conductive path of solder between conductors.
Soldering- Process of joining two metallic surfaces to make an electrical contact by melting solder (usually tin and lead) across them.
Soldering Iron- Tool with an internal heating element used to heat surfaces being soldered to the point where the solder becomes molten.
Tinning- The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering the conductor.
Transistor-Term derived from "transfer resistor." Semiconductor device that can be used as an amplifier or as an electronic switch.
Vocab 1.2
Analog- A way of representing some physical quantity, such as temperature or velocity, by a proportional continuous voltage or current. An analog voltage or current can have any value within a defined range.
Amplitude- The instantaneous voltage of a waveform. Often used to mean maximum amplitude, or peak voltage, or a pulse.
Atom- The smallest particle of an element that still has the same characteristics as the element.
Breadboard- A circuit board for wiring temporary circuits, usually used for prototypes or laboratory work.
Conductor- Any material that allows the free movement of electric changes, such as electrons, to provide an electric current.
Conventional Current- The direction of current flow associated with positive charge in motion. The current flow direction is from a positive to negative potential, which is in the opposite direction of electron flow.
Clock- Digital signal in the form of a rectangular pulse train or a square wave.
Current- A movement of electrical charges around a closed path or circuit.
Digital- A way of representing a physical quantity by a series of binary numbers. A digital representation can have only specific discrete values.
Digital Waveform- A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Digital Multi-Meter(DMM)- A piece of test equipment used to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an electronic circuit.
Duty Cycle (DC)- Fraction of the total period that a digital waveform is in the HIGH state. DC = th/T (often expressed as a percentage: %DC = th/Tx100%).
Electron- Basic particle of negative charge in orbit; around the nucleus in an atom.
Electron Flow- Current of negative charges in motion. Direction is from the negative terminal of the voltage source, through the external, circuit, and returning to the positive side of the source. Opposite to the direction of conventional current.
Falling Edge- The part of a pulse where the logic level is in transition from a HIGH to a LOW.
Frequency- The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Hertz (Hz)- Unit of frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second.
Insulator- A material that does not allow current to flow when voltage is applied because of its high resistance.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)- The algebraic sum of all currents into and out of any branch point in a circuit must equal zero.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)- The algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed path must equal zero.
Logic HIGH- The higher of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Logic LOW- The lower of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Nucleus- The massive, stable part of the atom that contains both protons and neutrons.
Ohms- Unit of resistance. Value of one ohm allow current of one ampere with potential difference of one volt.
Ohm’s Law- In electric circuits, I=V/R.
Oscilloscope- A piece of test equipment used to view and measure a variety of different waveforms.
Parallel Circuit- One that has two or more branches for separate current from one voltage source.
Period- The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Proton- Particle with positive charge in the nucleus of an atom.
Simulation- Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Resistance- Opposition to current. Unit is the ohm.
Series Circuit- One that has only one path current.
Sine Wave- One in which amplitude varies in proportion to the sine function of an angle.
Square Wave- An almost instantaneous rise and decay of voltage or current in a periodic pattern with time and with a constant peak value.
555 Timer- TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
Analog- A way of representing some physical quantity, such as temperature or velocity, by a proportional continuous voltage or current. An analog voltage or current can have any value within a defined range.
Amplitude- The instantaneous voltage of a waveform. Often used to mean maximum amplitude, or peak voltage, or a pulse.
Atom- The smallest particle of an element that still has the same characteristics as the element.
Breadboard- A circuit board for wiring temporary circuits, usually used for prototypes or laboratory work.
Conductor- Any material that allows the free movement of electric changes, such as electrons, to provide an electric current.
Conventional Current- The direction of current flow associated with positive charge in motion. The current flow direction is from a positive to negative potential, which is in the opposite direction of electron flow.
Clock- Digital signal in the form of a rectangular pulse train or a square wave.
Current- A movement of electrical charges around a closed path or circuit.
Digital- A way of representing a physical quantity by a series of binary numbers. A digital representation can have only specific discrete values.
Digital Waveform- A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Digital Multi-Meter(DMM)- A piece of test equipment used to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an electronic circuit.
Duty Cycle (DC)- Fraction of the total period that a digital waveform is in the HIGH state. DC = th/T (often expressed as a percentage: %DC = th/Tx100%).
Electron- Basic particle of negative charge in orbit; around the nucleus in an atom.
Electron Flow- Current of negative charges in motion. Direction is from the negative terminal of the voltage source, through the external, circuit, and returning to the positive side of the source. Opposite to the direction of conventional current.
Falling Edge- The part of a pulse where the logic level is in transition from a HIGH to a LOW.
Frequency- The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Hertz (Hz)- Unit of frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second.
Insulator- A material that does not allow current to flow when voltage is applied because of its high resistance.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)- The algebraic sum of all currents into and out of any branch point in a circuit must equal zero.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)- The algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed path must equal zero.
Logic HIGH- The higher of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Logic LOW- The lower of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Nucleus- The massive, stable part of the atom that contains both protons and neutrons.
Ohms- Unit of resistance. Value of one ohm allow current of one ampere with potential difference of one volt.
Ohm’s Law- In electric circuits, I=V/R.
Oscilloscope- A piece of test equipment used to view and measure a variety of different waveforms.
Parallel Circuit- One that has two or more branches for separate current from one voltage source.
Period- The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Proton- Particle with positive charge in the nucleus of an atom.
Simulation- Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Resistance- Opposition to current. Unit is the ohm.
Series Circuit- One that has only one path current.
Sine Wave- One in which amplitude varies in proportion to the sine function of an angle.
Square Wave- An almost instantaneous rise and decay of voltage or current in a periodic pattern with time and with a constant peak value.
555 Timer- TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
Vocab 1.3
AND Gate- Digital circuit that implements the AND operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH only if all of its inputs are HIGH.
Boolean Expression- An algebraic expression made up of Boolean variables and operators, such as AND (-), OR (+), or NOT (-). Also referred to as Boolean function or a logic function.
Clocked D Flip-Flop- Type of flip-flop in which the D (data) input is the synchronous input.
Combinational Logic- Digital circuitry in which an output is derived from the combination of inputs, independent of the order in which they are applied.
Datasheet- A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Digital Waveform- A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Dual In-Line Package (DIP)- One style of integrated circuit package which has two rows of lead.
Flip-Flop- A sequential circuit based on a latch whose output changes when its CLOCK input receives a pulse.
Frequency- The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Integrated Circuit (IC)- An electronic circuit having many components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors, in a single package.
Inverter- Also called a NOT gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
Large Scale Integration (LSI)- An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to 100 gates or more.
Logic Diagram- A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Logic Gate- An electronic circuit that performs a Boolean algebraic function.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)- An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to more than 11 and less than 100 gates.
NOT Circuit- Also called an INVERTER gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
OR Gate- Digital circuit that implements the OR operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH (logic level 1) if any or all of its inputs are HIGH.
Period- The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)- Surface-mount integrated circuit package with leads that bend back under the package.
Propagation Delays (tPLH/tPHL)- Delay from the time a signal is applied to the time when the output makes its change.
Schematic Entry- A technique of entering CPLD design information by using a CAD (computer aided design) tool to draw a logic circuit as a schematic. The schematic can then be interpreted by design software to generate programming information for the CPLD.
Schottky TTL- TTL subfamily that uses the basic TTL standard circuit except that it uses a Schottky barrier code (SBD) connected between the base and the collector of each transistor for faster switching.
Sequential Logic- Digital circuitry in which the output state of the circuit depends not only on the states of the inputs, but also on the sequence in which they reached their present states.
Simulation- Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Small-Scale Integration (SSI)- An integrated circuit having 12 or fewer gates in one package.
Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC)- Dual-inline style surface-mount IC package.
Transistor-Transistor (TTL)- A family of digital logic devices whose basic element is the bipolar junction transistor.
Truth Table- A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
555 Timer- TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
AND Gate- Digital circuit that implements the AND operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH only if all of its inputs are HIGH.
Boolean Expression- An algebraic expression made up of Boolean variables and operators, such as AND (-), OR (+), or NOT (-). Also referred to as Boolean function or a logic function.
Clocked D Flip-Flop- Type of flip-flop in which the D (data) input is the synchronous input.
Combinational Logic- Digital circuitry in which an output is derived from the combination of inputs, independent of the order in which they are applied.
Datasheet- A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Digital Waveform- A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Dual In-Line Package (DIP)- One style of integrated circuit package which has two rows of lead.
Flip-Flop- A sequential circuit based on a latch whose output changes when its CLOCK input receives a pulse.
Frequency- The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Integrated Circuit (IC)- An electronic circuit having many components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors, in a single package.
Inverter- Also called a NOT gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
Large Scale Integration (LSI)- An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to 100 gates or more.
Logic Diagram- A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Logic Gate- An electronic circuit that performs a Boolean algebraic function.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)- An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to more than 11 and less than 100 gates.
NOT Circuit- Also called an INVERTER gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
OR Gate- Digital circuit that implements the OR operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH (logic level 1) if any or all of its inputs are HIGH.
Period- The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)- Surface-mount integrated circuit package with leads that bend back under the package.
Propagation Delays (tPLH/tPHL)- Delay from the time a signal is applied to the time when the output makes its change.
Schematic Entry- A technique of entering CPLD design information by using a CAD (computer aided design) tool to draw a logic circuit as a schematic. The schematic can then be interpreted by design software to generate programming information for the CPLD.
Schottky TTL- TTL subfamily that uses the basic TTL standard circuit except that it uses a Schottky barrier code (SBD) connected between the base and the collector of each transistor for faster switching.
Sequential Logic- Digital circuitry in which the output state of the circuit depends not only on the states of the inputs, but also on the sequence in which they reached their present states.
Simulation- Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Small-Scale Integration (SSI)- An integrated circuit having 12 or fewer gates in one package.
Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC)- Dual-inline style surface-mount IC package.
Transistor-Transistor (TTL)- A family of digital logic devices whose basic element is the bipolar junction transistor.
Truth Table- A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
555 Timer- TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
Vocab 2.1
DeMorgan’s Theorems- Theorem stating that the complement of a sum (OR operation) equals the product (AND operation) of the complements, and
- Theorem stating that the complement of a product (AND operation) equals the sum (OR operation) of the complements.
Distributive Property- Full name: distributive property of multiplication over addition. The property that allows us to distribute (“multiply through”) an AND across several OR functions. For example, a(b+c)=ab+ac.
Least Significant Bit (LSB)- The rightmost bit of a binary num ber. This bit has the number’s smallest positional multiplier.
Logic Circuit- Any circuit that behaves according to a set of logic rules.
Logic Diagram- A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Maxterm- A sum term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
Minterm- A product term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
MostnSignificant Bit (MSB)- The leftmost bit in a binary number. This bit has the number’s loargest positional multiplier.
Product-of-Sums (POS)- A type of Boolean expression where several sum terms are multiplied (ANDed) together.
Product Term- A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ANDed.
Sum-of-Products (SOP)- A type of Boolean expression where several product terms are summed (ORed) together.
Sum Term- A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ORed.
Truth Table- A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
DeMorgan’s Theorems- Theorem stating that the complement of a sum (OR operation) equals the product (AND operation) of the complements, and
- Theorem stating that the complement of a product (AND operation) equals the sum (OR operation) of the complements.
Distributive Property- Full name: distributive property of multiplication over addition. The property that allows us to distribute (“multiply through”) an AND across several OR functions. For example, a(b+c)=ab+ac.
Least Significant Bit (LSB)- The rightmost bit of a binary num ber. This bit has the number’s smallest positional multiplier.
Logic Circuit- Any circuit that behaves according to a set of logic rules.
Logic Diagram- A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Maxterm- A sum term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
Minterm- A product term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
MostnSignificant Bit (MSB)- The leftmost bit in a binary number. This bit has the number’s loargest positional multiplier.
Product-of-Sums (POS)- A type of Boolean expression where several sum terms are multiplied (ANDed) together.
Product Term- A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ANDed.
Sum-of-Products (SOP)- A type of Boolean expression where several product terms are summed (ORed) together.
Sum Term- A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ORed.
Truth Table- A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
Vocab 2.2
Adjacent Cell- Two cells in a K-map are adjacent if there is only one variable that is different between the coordinates of the two cells.
Cell- The smallest unit of Karnaugh map, corresponding to one line of a truth table. The input variables are the cell’s coordinates and the output variable is the cell’s contents.
Don’t Care Condition- Situation when a circuit’s output level for a given set of input conditions can be assigned as either a 1 or 0.
Karnaugh Map- A graphical tool for finding the maximum SOP or POS simplification of a Boolean expression. A Karnaugh map works by arranging the terms of an expression so that variable scans are cancelled by grouping minterms or maxterms.
NAND Gate- Logic circuit that operates like an AND gate followed by an INVERTER. The output of a NAND gate is LOW (logic level 0) only if all inputs are HIGH (logic level 1).
NOR Gate- Logic circuit that operates like an OR gate followed by an INVERTER. The output of a NOR gate is LOW (logic level 0) when any or all inputs are HIGH (logic level
Adjacent Cell- Two cells in a K-map are adjacent if there is only one variable that is different between the coordinates of the two cells.
Cell- The smallest unit of Karnaugh map, corresponding to one line of a truth table. The input variables are the cell’s coordinates and the output variable is the cell’s contents.
Don’t Care Condition- Situation when a circuit’s output level for a given set of input conditions can be assigned as either a 1 or 0.
Karnaugh Map- A graphical tool for finding the maximum SOP or POS simplification of a Boolean expression. A Karnaugh map works by arranging the terms of an expression so that variable scans are cancelled by grouping minterms or maxterms.
NAND Gate- Logic circuit that operates like an AND gate followed by an INVERTER. The output of a NAND gate is LOW (logic level 0) only if all inputs are HIGH (logic level 1).
NOR Gate- Logic circuit that operates like an OR gate followed by an INVERTER. The output of a NOR gate is LOW (logic level 0) when any or all inputs are HIGH (logic level
Vocab 2.3
Common Anode Display- A seven-segment LED display where the anodes of all the LEDs are connected to the circuit supply voltage. Each segment is illuminated by a logic LOW at its cathode.
Common Cathode Display- A seven-segment display in which the cathodes of all the LEDs are connected together and grounded. A logic HIGH illuminates a segment when applied to its anode.
Datasheet- A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Design Specifications- A detailed description, especially one providing information needed to make, build, or produce something.
Seven-Segment Display- An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure 8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.
Common Anode Display- A seven-segment LED display where the anodes of all the LEDs are connected to the circuit supply voltage. Each segment is illuminated by a logic LOW at its cathode.
Common Cathode Display- A seven-segment display in which the cathodes of all the LEDs are connected together and grounded. A logic HIGH illuminates a segment when applied to its anode.
Datasheet- A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Design Specifications- A detailed description, especially one providing information needed to make, build, or produce something.
Seven-Segment Display- An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure 8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.